Guardianship Laws in Minnesota (2026): From Petition to Protection

Most people don’t think about guardianship until they need it. Then suddenly, you’re facing court papers and legal terms that sound complicated. But honestly, understanding Minnesota’s guardianship laws isn’t as hard as it seems.

This guide breaks down everything you need to know. We’ll cover who needs a guardian, how to get one appointed, and what rights everyone keeps.

What Is Guardianship?

A guardianship is when a court appoints someone to make personal decisions for another person. The person making decisions is called the guardian. The person receiving help is called the person subject to guardianship.

Think of it like this. A guardian steps in when someone can’t safely make their own choices anymore. They handle things like where the person lives, what medical care they get, and daily personal needs.

Wondering if this applies to you? Stay with me.

Who Needs a Guardian in Minnesota?

Minnesota courts can appoint guardians for two groups of people. Minors under 18 can have guardians appointed by the court. Incapacitated adults can also get court-appointed guardians.

Here’s the thing about being incapacitated. It doesn’t mean having a specific diagnosis. Someone with Alzheimer’s isn’t automatically incapacitated. The court looks at whether the person can actually take care of their own needs.

Can they make safe medical decisions? Can they find food, clothing, and shelter? Can they communicate what they want and need? If the answer is no, even with help, a guardianship might be necessary.

Pretty straightforward, right?

Guardianship vs. Conservatorship

Okay, pause. These terms confuse a lot of people.

A guardian makes personal decisions. They choose where you live and what doctors you see. A conservator handles money and property. They pay your bills and manage your assets.

One person can be both. Or you might have different people doing each job. The court decides what makes sense for your situation.

Minnesota’s Bill of Rights

This part is important. In 2020, Minnesota strengthened protections for people subject to guardianship. The state has a Bill of Rights that guarantees certain protections.

You keep all rights unless the court specifically takes them away. That means you can still vote, get married, and make your own choices in areas the court didn’t restrict. Honestly, this is one of the strongest protections in the country.

The law says you have the right to be treated with dignity. Your personal preferences must be considered. You can communicate and visit with others unless it causes significant harm.

Hold on, it gets better. You can petition the court to change or end your guardianship at any time. You have the right to a lawyer in any guardianship proceeding. The court must appoint one if you can’t afford it.

Basic Requirements for Getting a Guardianship

Minnesota makes you try other options first. Seriously. The law requires it.

You have to explain what less restrictive alternatives you tried. Things like a health care directive or power of attorney. Supported decision-making where someone helps but doesn’t take over. Representative payees for Social Security benefits.

Guardianship should only happen when nothing else works. The court wants proof you explored every other option.

The Guardianship Process

Here’s how it actually works.

Someone files a petition with the probate court. Usually it’s a family member, care provider, or social worker. The petition needs detailed information about the person and why they need a guardian.

The person who might get a guardian must receive notice. They have the right to object. They have the right to attend the hearing and speak up.

Not sure what counts as enough evidence? The petitioner must show clear and convincing evidence. That’s a pretty high bar. Medical records help. Doctor testimony helps. The court takes this seriously.

A visitor often gets appointed. This person meets with the proposed person subject to guardianship. They observe the living situation and prepare a report for the court. The visitor must have training in law, health care, or social work.

If the court approves guardianship, the guardian receives Letters of Guardianship. These are legal documents proving their authority.

Who Can Be a Guardian?

Minnesota law says any competent person can be appointed. But there’s more to it than that.

Most guardians are family members or close friends. That’s actually the majority of cases in Minnesota. Professional guardians also exist for people who don’t have family available.

Some restrictions apply though. A doctor can’t be guardian for their own patient. A lawyer can’t represent someone and also be their guardian. These rules prevent conflicts of interest.

The exception? If the professional and the person are related by blood. Then it’s allowed.

Wondering if you qualify? Basically, if you’re a responsible adult who cares about the person’s wellbeing, you might be a good candidate.

Guardian Responsibilities and Powers

Guardians have specific duties under Minnesota law.

You must take reasonable care of the person’s personal effects. You make decisions about where they live. You handle medical care, education, and daily needs. You encourage them to develop skills and participate in decisions as much as possible.

But here’s what you can’t do. You can’t consent to medical procedures that violate their known religious or moral beliefs. You need court approval for psychosurgery, electroshock, sterilization, or experimental treatments. You can’t admit them to a regional treatment center except for temporary care under 90 days per year.

The guardian doesn’t pay for care out of their own pocket. Let me say that again. You’re not financially responsible for the person’s expenses. Those come from the person’s own resources or public benefits.

Annual Reporting Requirements

Starting April 15, 2024, all guardians must file reports online. You use the MyMNGuardian system. There’s no way around it unless the court grants you an exception.

You file an annual Personal Well-Being Report. It covers the person’s current condition, living arrangements, medical services, and whether guardianship is still necessary. You must also note any restrictions on communication or visitation.

Every year you give the person a copy of their Bill of Rights. You remind them they can petition to end the guardianship. Most people miss this step, but it’s required by law.

New Protections Effective January 1, 2026

Wait, it gets interesting.

Minnesota just added a new law on January 1, 2026. You can now petition the court for a Protection Order Against Financial Exploitation of a Vulnerable Adult. This gives extra protection to people subject to guardianship.

Every person subject to guardianship is considered a vulnerable adult. The new law provides additional ways to protect them from financial abuse.

Costs and Fees

Let’s talk money. Court filing fees are $310 for guardianship petitions. That’s the base fee plus any county law library fees.

Attorney fees vary. Many lawyers charge $125 to $150 per hour for guardianship work. Some offer flat-fee arrangements.

Who pays these costs? Usually the person subject to guardianship pays from their own estate. If they don’t have money, the county may cover costs. The court decides based on the person’s financial situation.

Professional guardians can charge for their services. The maximum fee is typically 5% of the person’s income, up to $100 per month. But family members often serve without payment.

Emergency Guardianship

Sometimes you need help right now. Emergency guardianship exists for exactly this situation.

It’s granted for a short time period. Usually a few weeks. You need to show immediate danger to the person’s safety. It protects them while the regular guardianship petition processes.

The requirements are the same. You still need evidence and court approval. It just happens faster.

Alternatives to Guardianship

You’re not alone, this confuses a lot of people. Guardianship isn’t always necessary.

Health care directives let you name a health care agent. Power of attorney allows someone to handle specific tasks. Supported decision-making keeps the person in charge with help from trusted advisors.

Representative payees manage Social Security benefits. Trusts protect assets. Authorized representatives handle economic assistance applications.

Honestly, these alternatives often work better. They’re less restrictive and give the person more control.

Rights You Keep Under Guardianship

This one’s probably the most important rule. You retain all rights the court doesn’t specifically restrict.

You can vote unless the court says otherwise. You can get married. You can create a health care directive if you want. You can ask for changes to the guardianship at any time.

You have the right to the least restrictive form of guardianship possible. The court should only restrict rights that you truly can’t handle safely.

How to End a Guardianship

Guardianships don’t have to last forever. They can end when the person regains capacity or when they’re no longer needed.

You file a petition asking the court to terminate the guardianship. You need evidence that the person can now handle their own affairs. Usually a doctor, social worker, or therapist testifies about the person’s current abilities.

The court reviews everything and decides. If they agree, the guardianship ends. The person regains full control over their life.

Dealing with Problems or Disputes

Not happy with your guardian? You have options.

File a complaint with the probate court that appointed them. Contact the Minnesota Adult Abuse Reporting Center at 1-844-880-1574. They investigate abuse, neglect, or financial exploitation of vulnerable adults.

Family disputes about guardianship happen. Mediation can help resolve disagreements without going to court. If mediation fails, you can petition the court to review or change the guardianship arrangement.

The court takes complaints seriously. Every person subject to guardianship is considered a vulnerable adult. That means extra protections apply.

Guardianship for Young Adults

Special rules apply for young adults ages 18 to 21. Since August 1, 2022, at-risk juveniles can petition for their own guardianship in juvenile court.

This helps young people transitioning from foster care or other difficult situations. They can request continued support and protection as they become adults.

Planning ahead? You can start the guardianship process six months before a child turns 18. This gives time to complete everything before their birthday.

What Guardians Cannot Do

Let’s be clear about the limits.

You can’t limit communication or visitation without court approval. You can’t consent to certain medical procedures without permission. You can’t make decisions that go against the person’s known wishes.

You can’t benefit financially from being guardian. You can charge reasonable fees if you’re a professional. But you can’t use the person’s money for yourself.

Violating these rules has consequences. The court can remove you as guardian. You could face civil or criminal penalties. Take these responsibilities seriously.

Co-Guardianship Options

Sometimes two guardians work better than one. Minnesota allows co-guardianship arrangements.

Maybe one family member lives nearby for daily care. Another lives far away but handles major decisions. The court can appoint both to work together.

Professional guardians often serve alongside family members. The professional handles complex legal or financial issues. The family member provides emotional support and personal care.

How to Find Help

Don’t worry, we’ll break it down step by step.

The Minnesota Courts website has forms and information at mncourts.gov. Look under the Guardianship Help Topics section. They have packets with instructions and all the forms you need.

Mid-Minnesota Legal Aid provides free legal help if you qualify financially. The Minnesota Guardianship Association offers resources and training. Local county social services can explain available support programs.

If you need a lawyer, contact your county bar association for referrals. Many attorneys offer free initial consultations. Ask about payment options if money is tight.

Working with Professional Guardians

Professional guardians serve when no family member is available. They’re experienced in handling complex situations. They know the laws and court requirements.

Minnesota doesn’t require special licensing for guardians. But many professionals get certified through the National Guardianship Association. This shows their commitment to best practices.

Hennepin County and other counties maintain lists of approved professional guardians. They’ve completed background checks and meet county standards.

Important Deadlines to Remember

Time matters in guardianship cases.

Annual reports are due within 30 days of your appointment anniversary. You file through MyMNGuardian or risk penalties. The court takes late reports seriously.

If you dispose of personal property, you must give 10 days notice to interested persons. They can object within that time period.

Court hearings happen when scheduled. Miss a hearing and you might lose your chance to be heard. Mark everything on your calendar.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can a person subject to guardianship still vote? Yes, unless the court specifically restricts this right in the guardianship order. Most people keep their voting rights.

How much does it cost to establish a guardianship in Minnesota? Court filing fees are $310 plus county law library fees. Attorney fees typically range from $125 to $150 per hour. Total costs vary but often run several thousand dollars.

Can I be a guardian if I live in another state? Yes, Minnesota allows out-of-state guardians. The court may require a local co-guardian for daily needs. Distance matters more for some decisions than others.

What happens if the person subject to guardianship objects? They have the right to object and be heard in court. The court appoints a lawyer to represent them. The petitioner must prove guardianship is necessary despite the objection.

How long does a guardianship last? It lasts until the court ends it. This could be when the person regains capacity, when they die, or when it’s no longer necessary. Annual reports help the court monitor ongoing need.

Final Thoughts

Minnesota’s guardianship laws protect people who can’t make safe decisions alone. The system has strong safeguards to prevent abuse. Recent changes in 2020 and the new 2026 protections strengthen these rights even more.

If you’re considering guardianship, explore less restrictive options first. Try supported decision-making, health care directives, or powers of attorney. Guardianship should be the last resort, not the first choice.

When guardianship is necessary, take the responsibility seriously. File reports on time. Respect the person’s wishes and dignity. Remember they keep all rights the court doesn’t specifically restrict.

Need help? Contact a guardianship attorney in your county. They can guide you through the process and make sure you do everything correctly. The investment in legal help pays off in avoiding mistakes later.

Now you know the basics. Stay informed, ask questions, and always put the person’s wellbeing first.

References

1. Minnesota Statutes Chapter 524, Articles 5-101 through 5-433 (Uniform Probate Code – Guardianship and Conservatorship) https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/524.5
2. Minnesota Courts – Guardianship Help Topics and Forms https://mncourts.gov/help-topics/guardianship
3. Minnesota General Rules of Practice for District Courts, Rule 416 (Guardianship and Conservatorship Rules) https://www.revisor.mn.gov/court_rules/gp/id/416/
4. Minnesota Statute 524.5-120 (Bill of Rights for Persons Subject to Guardianship or Conservatorship) https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/524.5-120
5. Minnesota Adult Abuse Reporting Center (MAARC) https://mn.gov/dhs/maarc/ | Phone: 1-844-880-1574
6. MyMNGuardian Online Filing System https://mmg.courts.state.mn.us/
7. Mid-Minnesota Legal Aid – Guardianship and Conservatorship Resources https://www.lawhelpmn.org/self-help-library/fact-sheet/guardianships-and-conservatorships
8. Minnesota Guardianship Association (MAGiC) https://www.minnesotaguardianship.org/